As of · Retrieved Tuesday, September 22, 2026 (PT)
Convergence
Where hard currencies and crypto meet
Five practical layers: CBDCs, payment stablecoins, bank deposit tokens, network overlays (cards/Swift), and user behavior (EM dollar access via stables).
Snapshot facts
- Digital euro: if EU legislation is adopted in the course of 2026, issuance could occur during 2029 (ECB guidance).
- United States: retail CBDC effectively halted; FedNow is RTP, not a CBDC.
- Regulation: GENIUS Act enacted 18 Jul 2025; MiCA transitional period ended 1 Jul 2026.
- Visa (8 Sep 2026): stablecoin settlement passed a $20B annualized run rate, up more than 15x year over year (from $7B in April, across 9 chains).
CBDCs
Public money innovation—digital euro prep toward possible 2029 issuance; U.S. retail CBDC halted.
Explore →Payment stablecoins
Private digital dollars/euros—about $320B (Fed FSR / BIS, May 2026); GENIUS + MiCA reshape the rails.
Explore →Banks & deposit tokens
Bank liabilities on-chain (e.g. JPMorgan Kinexys)—legally distinct from payment stablecoins.
Explore →Book a convergence workshop
Walk your team through CBDC, stables, and bank-token tradeoffs with sourced maps—not legal advice.